For all of you who were waiting for the next release of Ubuntu, it's finally here! I've been using the beta of Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron) for the past month or so, and found it an excellent release to work with.
Archives for April 2008
atime, ctime and mtime in Unix filesystems
As you know, Unix filesystems store a number of timestamps for each file. This means that you can use these timestamps to find out when any file or directory was last accessed (read from or written to), changed (file access permissions were changed) or modified (written to).
File and directory timestamps in Unix
Three times tracked for each file in Unix are these:
- access time – atime
- change time – ctime
- modify time – mtime
INTERESTING: there's no file creation timestamp kept in most filesystems – meaning you can't run a command like "show me all files created on certain date". This said, it's usually possible to deduce the same from ctime and mtime (if they match – this probably means that's when the file was created).
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How To List Directories in a Directory in Unix
Another quick answer to the question I see a lot in search queries on this blog: listing directories in a directory. I take it that this question means showing a list of only the directories and not other files under a certain location of your Unix filesystem.
Using find to show only directories
find command helps you show only the directories by using a -type d parameter.
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How To Find a Location of a Directory in Unix
Very quick tip for you today, I just see that many of visitors of this block are curious how they can find a directory in Unix – and so here's a command to help you do just that.
Finding directories in Unix
There's nothing better than to employ the find command. As you might remember, among many things, this wonderful tool allows you to search files by their type. Since nearly everything in Unix is a file, this means you can find directories.
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How To Find the Default Block Size in Unix
The questions about default block sizes used in your Unix system are always popular. Today I'd like to show you a few ways to answer them.
Default block size in Linux
If you ever want to confirm the block size of any filesystem of Ubuntu or any other Linux OS, tune2fs command is here to help:
ubuntu# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep Block Block count: 4980736 Block size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768
From this example, you can see that the default block size for the filesystem on /dev/sda1 partition is 4096 bytes, or 4k. That's the default block size for ext3 filesystem.
Default block size in Solaris
The default block size in Solaris is 8192 bytes, or 8k. However, some architectures allow you to use 4k size as well, by specifying it as a command line option for the newfs command.
To be absolutely sure, you can use one of the commands: df -g (takes a filesystem mount point name as the parameter – / or /usr for example) or use fstyp -v command (needs a character device of the filesystem you're interested in).
Using df -g to confirm the filesystem block size
This command can be used as any user, so to confirm a block size for any of the filesystems you don't have to be root. However, it works only for mounted filesystems.
bash-3.00$ df -g / / (/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 ): 8192 block size 1024 frag size 12405898 total blocks 4399080 free blocks 4275022 available 751296 total files 603544 free files 30932992 filesys id ufs fstype 0x00000004 flag 255 filename length
Using fstyp -v to confirm the filesystem block size
Because this command accesses the character device of a particular filesystem, you have to be root to run it. But as a bonus compared to df -g, you can use fstyp -v on an unmounted filesystem:
bash-3.00# fstyp -v /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 | grep ^bsize bsize 8192 shift 13 mask 0xffffe000